The Journal of Comprehensive Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
الإدارة العامة للمطبوعات والمصنفات الفنيةبوزارة الثقافة والمجتمع المدني
جمالية التلقي في قصيدة (إرادة الحباة) للشابي دراسة وصفية تحليلية
This study investigates the Aesthetics of Reception in the poem "The Will to Life" (Iradat al-Hayat) by the renowned Tunisian poet Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi. It explores the dynamic relationship between the poetic text and the recipient, examining how the aesthetic experience is manifested through language, symbols, poetic imagery, and rhythm. The study demonstrates that "The Will to Life" is not merely a static literary text but an interactive aesthetic experience, in which the recipient acts as a partner in the production of imagination and meaning. Furthermore, the research clarifies the theoretical framework of Reception Theory—including its origins and key pioneers—and highlights its significance within both classical and contemporary Arabic literary criticism. Adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology aligned with the principles of the Reception Theory school, the study concludes with an in-depth analysis of selected verses from the poem to illustrate the practical application of these aesthetic concepts.
Aesthetics of Reception, Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi, The Will to Life, Arabic Criticism, Poetic Imagery
Copyright (c) 2026 Comprehensive Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
التحديات التي تواجه المصارف التجارية في منح التمويل الأخضر دراسة تطبيقية على مصرف الصحارى
This study aimed to identify the level of challenges (legislative and regulatory, technical and human resources, financial, and market challenges) facing Sahara Bank in providing green financing. To achieve the study's objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted as the most suitable methodology. The study sample consisted of a purposive sample of 45 employees, including department managers and heads of relevant sections within Sahara Bank's general management. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to the target sample, yielding 40 responses that matched the study's questions. The study employed appropriate statistical methods, including measures of central tendency, weighted arithmetic mean, and standard deviation. A one-sample t-test was also used to test the study's hypotheses. The results indicated a high level of challenges hindering the bank's provision of green financing. Therefore, the study recommends that Sahara Bank adopt a comprehensive corporate strategy for green financing, integrated within its overall strategy, to ensure a balance between financial objectives and environmental sustainability. In strengthening its role in supporting sustainable development.
Green finance – Sustainable development – Sahara Bank
The Influence of Local Language Practices on Academic Writing: The case of Second-Year EFL Students at College of Education – Ajelat, University of Zawia
This study examines the influence of local language practices on the academic writing of second-year EFL students at the Faculty of Education, Ajelat College, Libya. A quantitative survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 50 students through a structured questionnaire focusing on first-language use during English academic writing and related writing difficulties. Descriptive statistical methods, including means and standard deviations, were used for data analysis. The findings indicate that students rely heavily on Arabic during idea generation and sentence construction, which contributes to difficulties in cohesion, organization, grammatical accuracy, and writing efficiency. Although students demonstrate some awareness of differences between Arabic and English writing conventions, their ability to reduce first-language interference remains limited. The study concludes that local language practices significantly shape EFL students’ academic writing.
Local language influence, academic writing, EFL students, L1 interference, contrastive rhetoric, Arabic-English writing
The Unplanned Growth of Ajilat City and the Challenges of Urban Management
The city of Al-Ajilat has witnessed rapid urban transformations that have led to the spread of informal urban growth, resulting from the interaction of demographic, economic, and natural factors, in addition to weak urban planning and local governance. This study aims to analyze patterns of informal growth, examine its causes and urban, social, and environmental implications, and assess the role of urban management in regulating urban expansion. The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach, based on references, previous studies, and official reports. The results indicated that increasing population growth, rising housing costs, availability of land, and shortcomings in urban management contributed to unplanned urban expansion and the emergence of informal neighborhoods lacking infrastructure and basic services, along with imbalances in land use and traffic congestion. The study proposes adopting sustainable urban planning, developing master plans, strengthening local governance capacities, and involving the local community as key strategies to curb informal growth and achieve balanced and sustainable urban development in the city.
informal urban growth, urban management, urban expansion, urban development
الألعاب الإلكترونية والسلوك العدواني لدى تلاميذ مرحلة التعليم الأساسي: دراسة وصفية تحليلية من وجهة نظر أولياء الأمور في مدينة طرابلس – ليبيا
أكّد علماء النفس أنّ اللعب يُنمّي شخصيّة الفرد، كما أنّه وسيلةٌ من وسائل التعليم الأساسية، وفي السابق كان إطلاق مفهوم اللعب يرتبط بالنشاط البدني أو الحركي، إلا أنّه بتطوّر العلم والتكنولوجيا التي رافقته تغيّر مفهومه عن المفهوم السابق، فظهرت الألعاب الإلكترونية التي سُرعان ما جذبت انتباه جميع فئات المجتمع ولاقت نجاحاً فائقاً، وانحرفت بمفهوم اللعب من التعليم إلى الترفيه بالدرجة الأولى. هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر ممارسة الألعاب الإلكترونية على السلوك العدواني لدى تلاميذ مرحلة التعليم الأساسي من وجهة نظر أولياء الأمور. استخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي، وتم تطبيق استبيان على عينة عشوائية بسيطة قوامها (43) ولي أمر بنسبة (22%) من مجتمع الدراسة بمدرسة حي اليرموك للتعليم الأساسي بقصر بن غشير خلال العام الدراسي 2023–2024. تم التحقق من صدق الاتساق الداخلي باستخدام معامل ارتباط بيرسون، كما تم قياس الثبات باستخدام معامل ألفا كرونباخ. أظهرت النتائج أن اتجاه استجابات أفراد العينة جاء بدرجة (قليلة) فيما يتعلق بتأثير الألعاب الإلكترونية على السلوك العدواني، مع وجود مؤشرات على بعض المظاهر مثل سرعة الغضب، والعصبية، واضطرابات النوم. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة تعزيز الرقابة الأسرية، وتفعيل دور المدرسة في التوعية بالاستخدام الرشيد للألعاب الإلكترونية، ووضع ضوابط تربوية تحد من مخاطر التعرض للمحتوى العنيف.
الألعاب الإلكترونية، السلوك العدواني، العنف المدرسي، التعليم الأساسي، المتابعة الأسرية، الإدمان الرقمي.
"The Role of Sustainable Urban Planning in Libya to Enhance Climate Change Adaptation"
Libyan cities, including Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha, have undergone significant urban transformations due to rapid population growth and unplanned urban expansion, which have increased pressure on infrastructure and natural resources. The study reveals that previous urban planning efforts largely overlooked climate change considerations, increasing cities’ vulnerability to hazards such as heat waves, floods, desertification, and groundwater depletion. The findings highlight the critical role of sustainable urban planning as a strategic tool to mitigate these risks through resilient and environmentally friendly infrastructure, sustainable resource management, control of unplanned urban sprawl, and enhanced community and private sector participation in planning and implementation. The research concludes that integrating climate change considerations into sustainable urban planning enhances cities’ resilience and adaptive capacity, promoting balanced and sustainable urban development that safeguards both residents and the environment while reducing the negative impacts of climate change on Libyan cities.
Pragmatic Variation in Libyan Academic Discourse in English as a Foreign Language: A Descriptive Study Based on a Linguistic Corpus of Contextual Meaning
This descriptive corpus-based study investigates how pragmatic variation appears in academic English used by Libyan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Focusing on contextual meaning, the research examines patterns of language use that convey social and communicative functions beyond grammatical accuracy. By analysing a compiled corpus of student writing and spoken academic interactions, this study identifies frequent pragmatic features such as hedging, metadiscourse marking, and speech act variation. The findings demonstrate that Libyan EFL writers often adopt pragmatic patterns that diverge from native academic norms, reflecting influences of first language sociopragmatic frameworks and educational context. These results highlight the need for pedagogical emphasis on pragmatic competence in EFL instruction in Libya, particularly in academic settings where contextual meaning conveys disciplinary and interpersonal meaning. The research contributes to a better understanding of how context shapes meaning in EFL academic discourse and supports curriculum development geared towards communicative competence.
EFL academic discourse, pragmatic variation, contextual meaning, corpus-based study, Libyan learners
THERMODYNAMIC SYNERGY ASSESSMENT OF A DOUBLE-FLASH GEOTHERMAL–LiBr/H₂O ABSORPTION TRIGENERATION CONFIGURATION
This research presents a thermodynamic evaluation of a combined trigeneration system driven by geothermal resources. The configuration integrates a double-flash geothermal power plant with a lithium bromide water (LiBr/H₂O) absorption refrigeration system, enabling the simultaneous production of electricity heat and cooling. First- and second-law analyses were performed using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to characterize system behavior. The system achieved an absorption refrigeration coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.6849 an overall energy efficiency of 16.49%, and an exergy efficiency of 30.85% . The findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of exploiting geothermal energy for multi output production and highlight areas with high exergy destruction where performance enhancement is needed.
geothermal energy absorption refrigeration-LiBr/H₂O-exergy-energy efficiency
An Intelligent Resume Analysis and Job Recommendation System Using NLP
Recruitment systems face increasing challenges due to the diversity of résumé formats, lack of personalized guidance for job seekers, and the persistence of human bias in candidate evaluation. Traditional systems often fail to accurately extract essential information, assess résumé quality, and provide actionable recommendations aligned with labor market requirements. This paper presents an intelligent résumé analysis and job recommendation system based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) and transparent rule-based logic. The system extracts structured information from text-based PDF résumés using PDFMiner3, PyResParser, and spaCy. Résumé quality is evaluated using a rule-based scoring mechanism, while skill gap analysis is performed through explicit comparison between extracted skills and predefined domain requirements. Based on this analysis, the system generates personalized job and training recommendations. The system was evaluated through laboratory testing and real-world field evaluation in collaboration with Human Resources specialists. Experimental results show 90% skill extraction accuracy, 92% job domain classification accuracy, 89% skill gap detection accuracy, and over 91% relevance in job and training recommendations. The findings demonstrate that the proposed system provides an effective, interpretable, and fair solution for intelligent recruitment and career development
Resume Analysis, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Skill Gap Analysis, Job Recommendation System, Rule-Based Decision Making, Recruitment Automation, Career Development, Human Resource Management
Comparative Study of Egg Quality: Tamam Company versus Locally Sourced and Commercial Eggs in Al-Bayda City Markets
This study was conducted in the Poultry Laboratory of the Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture – Omar Al-Mukhtar University, in Al-Bayda City, of the autumn season of 2023. The aim was to evaluate the quality of eggs circulating in local markets by comparing three production sources: Tamam Company eggs (improved breeds), local commercial eggs, and local (National) chicken eggs (Al- watani). A total of 150 eggs were randomly collected, with 50 eggs from each source, and all underwent measurements including weight, shell thickness, albumen height (to calculate Haugh unit), yolk height, diameter, and color score. The results showed significant differences among the three sources. Tamam Company eggs significantly excelled in weight (74.40 g) and shell thickness (0.36 mm), in addition to their superiority in yolk color score and diameter. In contrast, local commercial eggs recorded the highest yolk height, while local (Baladi/National) eggs showed the highest significant value for Haugh unit (91.72), followed by commercial eggs, and then Tamam Company eggs. The study concluded that the superiority of Tamam Company eggs in some physical characteristics may be attributed to genetic makeup (breed) and feed quality, while local (Baladi/National) eggs demonstrated distinct internal quality, particularly in terms of albumen freshness. Commercial eggs also showed a clear advantage in yolk height.
Egg quality, Shell thickness, Haugh unit, Yolk& Albumen, Tamam Company, Genetic composition
دراسة تحليلية لتأثير التغذية الراجعة المتمركزة حول النمو على مفهوم الذات الأكاديمي لدى المتعلمين
This analytical study aimed to understand the impact of growth mindset-focused feedback on learners' academic self-concept. The study reviewed research literature on the subject, focusing on studies published between 2015 and 2025. The study adopted a thematic analysis methodology, analyzing 27 studies extracted from various scientific databases. The findings revealed that growth mindset-focused feedback generally enhances learners' academic self-concept through multiple mechanisms, such as promoting a growth mindset. The study also indicated that feedback effectiveness is influenced by factors like gender, educational stage, and cultural context. The study recommends that teachers adopt customized feedback strategies that consider individual differences and support students' holistic development.
Growth Mindset-Focused Feedback, Academic Self-Concept, Growth Mindset, Individual Differences, Education
Modern international relations have contributed to helping nations avoid the horrors of war and destruction. The international relations that existed before various economic, political, and religious factors shaped 1789. The treaties and alliances formed among European nations primarily aimed to solve the conflicts and religious divisions that arose in Europe following the religious reform movements. One of the most significant and impactful changes in modern international relations during the late 18th and early 19th centuries was the French Revolution and the new ideas it generated, which prepared the world to adopt a revolutionary mindset and demonstrated a willingness to abolish old systems. As a result, treaties and alliances established after 1789 included provisions primarily aimed at limiting the intellectual and political reach of France.
للعولمة تأثير مهم على ممارسة إدارة الموارد البشرية بشكل عام ، بالنسبة للبعض ، تخلق العولمة ضغوطاً لاتخاذ الأفضل ، وهي مجموعة قابلة للتحويل من ممارسات إدارة الموارد البشرية والتي يمكن أن تنتشر في جميع أنحاء العالم ، إنها قوة حياة الناس الذين يعيشون في جميع دول العالم في عصر العولمة ، هناك فرصة لدخول أسواق جديدة لتحسين فرص العمل ورفع أجور الموظفين المهرة ، والتحديات عديدة بنفس القدر ، حيث تحتاج المنظمات إلى التعامل مع قوة عاملة ناضجة ؛ وعليهم أن يجذبوا ويدمجوا ويحافظوا على مجموعات التوظيف المتعددة الثقافات ؛ من بينها حقوق الإنسان والممارسات التجارية لتحقيق النجاح ، ومن المرجح أن يزداد النقص بين العرض والطلب في المواهب ، لا سيما بالنسبة للموظفين ذوي المهارات العالية والجيل القادم من مديري الأعمال ، يعد التوظيف العالمي وإدارة القوى العاملة بفعالية في الثقافات المتنوعة من الأهداف الرئيسة للموارد البشرية العالمية ، إن المنظمات التي تدير هذه التحديات بفعالية سوف تجد النجاح وتحسن حياة الموارد البشرية في جميع أنحاء العالم.
العولمة ، المواكبة ، إدارة الموارد البشرية ، الشركات متعددة الجنسيات التنوع الثقافي والاقتصادي ، القدرة التنافسية العالمية ، القوة العاملة الادارات .
Digital marketing strategies and their impact on consumer behavior
Digital marketing strategies are essential tools for shaping consumer behavior, enhancing brand engagement and increasing customer loyalty These strategies enable consumers to enjoy personalized experiences across multiple digital platforms, such as social media and targeted advertising, enhancing their ability to make informed purchasing decisions At the same time, companies face challenges related to the need to innovate new ways to engage consumers in light of rapid technological transformations and changing consumer demands, which can impact the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies
Digital Marketing Strategies - Impact on Consumer Behavior
التدخل في الشؤون الداخلية للدول (( دراسة قانونية في إطار مبادئ القانون الدولي والعلاقات الدولية ))
The concept of external intervention is a complex subject that addresses multiple legal, political, and ethical aspects. It is particularly important in the context of international organizations such as the United Nations. This concept addresses how other states intervene, often under the pretext of protecting human rights or disturbing international peace and security. External intervention is a diverse subject in its outlook, depending on the country's legal status and the prevailing international position. The principle of sovereignty remains the foundation, except in cases that require international intervention to protect human rights.
Bridging Linguistic Gaps: A Quantitative Study on the Role of Arabic in Libyan University EFL Classrooms
The integration of the first language (L1) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction remains a subject of debate, particularly in contexts where English exposure outside the classroom is limited. This study examines how Libyan university EFL instructors incorporate Arabic (L1) into their teaching, focusing on its frequency, instructional contexts, and influencing factors. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional survey, data were collected from 45 university-level EFL instructors across multiple institutions. The findings reveal that 70% of instructors use Arabic, primarily for vocabulary explanations, classroom instructions, and comprehension support, while 30% follow an English-only approach. However, opinions on incorporating L1 vary, with concerns about potential over-reliance, particularly in grammar instruction and classroom discipline.The study also highlights teaching experience and student proficiency as key determinants of L1 use. More experienced instructors adopt a flexible, strategic approach, whereas less-experienced educators tend to follow monolingual methodologies, reflecting the influence of teacher training programmes. Similarly, L1 use is more common in advanced-level courses, where students engage with complex academic content, while lower-year instructors prioritise English immersion to develop foundational language skills. Additionally, attitudes towards native-like proficiency are shifting, with most instructors emphasising communicative competence over rigid adherence to native-speaker norms.These findings have significant implications for teacher training and institutional policies. The study advocates for evidence-based bilingual pedagogy, recommending that universities move beyond rigid English-only policies and adopt context-sensitive L1 guidelines that align with students’ needs and proficiency levels. Teacher training programmes should also equip instructors with bilingual strategies that balance Arabic support with progressive L2 immersion.Future research should explore student perspectives on L1 integration, assess the long-term impact of bilingual strategies, and investigate the role of digital tools in bilingual instruction. By adopting a balanced, research-informed approach, Libyan universities can enhance English proficiency while utilising Arabic as a valuable learning resource, ensuring that students develop both linguistic competence and academic success.
first language use, bilingual pedagogy, EFL instruction, teacher perceptions, language policy, communicative competence
Using design strategies to achieve acoustic comfort in Hospital’s buildings
Acoustic comfort has been a vital aspect of the built environment, through which sustainability standards may be achieved, especially in healthcare facilities, especially hospitals. The higher noise levels, above their normal rates, may lead to several health harms, which affect both patients and healthcare providers and thus create obstacles to making the building sustainable. The research discussed the concept of sustainability in general, then touched on the study of sustainability in hospital buildings, and its environmental, social, and economic aspects. It then focused on acoustic comfort and its importance in creating a sustainable environment in hospital buildings. Acoustic comfort and permissible noise rates in hospital buildings have been identified according to regional and international standards, and the sources of internal and external noise have been identified too. The effect of higher noise rates on patients and healthcare providers has also been addressed. This paper aims to study and acknowledge the methods we may use to reduce the noise levels in hospital buildings, to reach permissible noise rates according to international standards. A case-study technique was used to identify, analyze, and measure the external noise of Ain Shams Maternity Hospital building, and then a simulation tool was employed to study and evaluate solution alternatives and treatments, making use of the acoustic properties of building materials and other design solutions to reduce the noise rates in the case-study building, and recommendations have been made do reduce noise rates to reach a sustainable healthcare building.
Computer-Mediated Communication and the Rise of Facebook English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective to help Libyan English Department Universities Students
In the era of digital communication, Facebook has emerged as a powerful platform influencing language use, particularly among university students. This study investigates the phenomenon of “Facebook English,” a distinctive digital variety marked by informal grammar, abbreviations, emoticons, and creative lexical formations. Focusing on Libyan English department students, the research explores the relationship between Facebook usage and its impact on academic writing, grammatical accuracy, and perceptions of language formality. Using a quantitative methods approach that includes surveys and statistical analysis, the findings reveal no significant correlation between Facebook use and academic English performance. However, gender and age differences were observed in the use and perception of Facebook English. The study emphasizes the need for language educators to integrate digital literacy and critical language awareness into curricula, enabling students to navigate both informal and academic registers effectively. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of computer-mediated communication and its pedagogical implications in EFL contexts.
Facebook English, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), Sociolinguistics, Libyan University Students, Digital Literacy, Language Variation, Academic Writing, Informal Registers, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Social Media Linguistics
التقييم الكيميائي والفيزيائي لجودة مياه الشرب بوحدات التنقية في المحلات التجارية دراسة حالة: (بلدية العزيزية – ليبيا)
This study aimed to evaluate the quality of drinking water produced by desalination stations relying on groundwater sources in the study area. A set of physico-chemical parameters was analyzed, including Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, and major ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorides, sulfates, and bicarbonates. Ten water samples were collected from local drinking water filling shops and analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. The results indicated that most samples complied with the maximum permissible limits of national standards. However, a noticeable reduction in mineral content was observed, as TDS and essential mineral concentrations were below the minimum recommended levels in several cases. The average pH value was also found to be lower than the acceptable range, reflecting reduced buffering capacity due to reverse osmosis treatment without remineralization. Comparison with previous Libyan studies revealed a recurring pattern of low mineralization in desalinated and bottled drinking water. The study recommends the implementation of a remineralization stage and pH adjustment processes, along with strengthened regulatory monitoring, to ensure balanced mineral composition and sustainable drinking water quality.
Drinking water quality; Desalination; Reverse osmosis; Total dissolved solids; pH; Remineralization; Groundwater; Libyan standards.
The Impact Of Sodium Fluoride On Biological Systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells and Sub-cellular Components: A Comprehensive Scientific Review
Background: Sodium fluoride is a widely utilized compound in industrial processes and oral health products, impacting biological systems across multiple hierarchical levels, including organs, tissues, cells, and subcellular structures. While its dental benefits are well established, chronic or excessive exposure disrupts enzymatic activity and function, impairs mitochondrial integrity, and perturbs redox balance, leading to apoptosis, inducing autophagy, and activating inflammatory responses. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for accurate toxicological assessment and for the development of safe, evidence-based applications. Objectives: This review critically evaluates sodium fluoride’s impact across multiple biological levels, from subcellular components to tissues and organs, integrating experimental, clinical, and toxicological evidence. It delineates its chemical properties, exposure pathways, and pharmacokinetics—including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion—while highlighting molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying systemic effects. Dose–response dynamics, exposure duration, and cumulative risk frameworks are examined to distinguish therapeutic benefits from potential toxicity. The review addresses ongoing controversies, methodological limitations, and variability in findings, while discussing protective strategies, public health policies, and ethical and environmental considerations. By synthesizing multidisciplinary evidence, it provides a balanced foundation for safe fluoride use and future research priorities. أسفل النموذج Conclusion: This review synthesizes current evidence on sodium fluoride’s effects across molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and systemic levels. Its biological impact is mediated via complex mechanisms, including enzyme modulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, ion transport, and signaling cascades, with outcomes influenced by concentration, exposure duration, and developmental context. Systemic effects involve calcified tissues, endocrine organs, renal systems, and neural structures, with heightened vulnerability during prenatal and early postnatal stages. Risk assessment requires integration of dose–response data, exposure dynamics, and population variability. Evidence-based mitigation, ethical regulation, and interdisciplinary research are essential to optimize therapeutic benefits while minimizing biological and environmental risks.
Sodium Fluoride, Chemical Nature, Exposure Pathways, Mechanisms of Action, Biological Systems impact, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Sub-cellular Components, Developmental Considerations, Absorption, Distribution, Neurobiological Processes, Endocrine Interactions, Metabolic Effects, Dose, Duration, Risk Assessment, Protective, Mitigating Strategies, Public Health Policy Implications, Ethical Considerations, Environmental Perspectives
A Study of Hotel Service Quality and Its Impact on Guest Satisfaction: A Statistical Study of Haroun and Al-Tawfiq Hotels in Libya
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل جودة الخدمات الفندقية وأثرها على رضا النزلاء في فندقي هارون والتوفيق بمدينة طرابلس، وذلك في ظل التحديات التي تواجه القطاع الفندقي الليبي. اعتمدت الدراسة نموذج SERVQUAL لقياس جودة الخدمة من خلال خمسة أبعاد رئيسية: الملموسية، الاعتمادية، الاستجابة، الأمان، والتعاطف، وتم تطبيق أدوات تحليل إحصائي شملت معامل الارتباط بيرسون والانحدار البسيط، على عينة مكونة من 300 نزيل. أظهرت النتائج أن فندقي هارون والتوفيق يقدمان مستويات مرتفعة من جودة الخدمات الفندقية انعكست في معدلات رضا عالية لدى النزلاء، كما تبين وجود علاقات طردية ذات دلالة إحصائية بين جميع أبعاد الجودة ورضا النزلاء، حيث سجل بعدا الملموسية والتعاطف أعلى تأثير بنسبة تفسير بلغت أكثر من 37% لكل منهما، بينما كان للأمان والاستجابة تأثير متوسط، وسجلت الاعتمادية أقل تأثير نسبي رغم دلالتها الإحصائية. بناءً على هذه النتائج، أوصت الدراسة بمجموعة من الإجراءات العملية، أبرزها: تحسين البيئة المادية للفندقين، تعزيز ثقافة التعاطف والاهتمام الشخصي، تطوير آليات الاستجابة، رفع مستوى الأمان، وتحسين الاعتمادية التشغيلية. كما دعت إلى اعتماد نموذج SERVQUAL كأداة تقييم دورية، وإشراك النزلاء في تقييم الخدمة، وربط مؤشرات الجودة بنظام الحوافز، إلى جانب دعم السياسات السياحية الوطنية من خلال برامج تدريبية مشتركة. تُعد هذه الدراسة مساهمة علمية وميدانية في تطوير جودة الخدمات الفندقية في ليبيا، وتفتح المجال أمام دراسات مستقبلية أكثر شمولًا، تستند إلى أدوات تحليلية متقدمة، وتغطي نطاقًا جغرافيًا أوسع.
The truth about Shiism among some Sunni historians
Al-Yaqoubi, Al-Masoudi, and Al-Isfahani were among the most famous Muslim historians in the fourth century AH, the tenth century AD, and their books are among the important sources of Islamic history. However, there are many questions about the truth of their Shiite sectarian affiliation, and this Shiite affiliation was not confirmed by historians close to their era from Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah, even if they referred to it, while later ones confirmed it and some contemporaries called for warning against their books and opinions. As for the Shiite side, the ancient sources did not give them that much attention. As for the later ones, they tried to attribute them to the Shiites. Were Al-Yaqoubi, Al-Masoudi and Al-Isfahani Shiite historians? Or is their approach based on neutrality and their sympathy for the family of the House, which appeared in their writings, not expressing their sectarian affiliation? Or that the differences between Shiites and Sunnis did not turn into a religious and political conflict at that time? This is what we will try to answer through this paper.
اليعقوبي، المسعودي، الاصفهاني، الصراع بين السنة والشيعة، التعاطف مع آل البيت، الميول الشيعية.
The Role of Transactional Leadership in Enhancing Organizational Trust among Employees at the Al-Khums Communications Office (A Field Study)
This study aims to measure the impact of transactional leadership, with its three dimensions—contingent rewards, active management by exception, and passive management by exception—on the level of organizational trust among employees at the Khoms Telecommunications Office. The researcher employed a questionnaire consisting of 22 items, including a tool to measure transactional leadership (15 statements) and another to measure organizational trust (7 items). The questionnaire was distributed to all members of the population (40 employees), and all forms were retrieved with a 100% response rate. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis to identify the nature of the relationship between transactional leadership and organizational trust. The findings revealed a significant effect of transactional leadership, across all three dimensions, on organizational trust among employees of the Khoms Telecommunications Office. Results indicated that contingent rewards, active management by exception, and passive management by exception are all statistically correlated with organizational trust, confirming that the relationship between these variables is not random but meaningful, thereby highlighting the importance of transactional leadership in fostering trust within organizations.
Transactional Leadership; Organizational Trust; Public Institution
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on the Job Performance of Employees in Contemporary Healthcare Institutions "A Field Study on the Management of Five Health Services"
This study aimed to identify the impact of transformational leadership on the level of job performance in contemporary institutions, through a field study conducted on the health services departments in the city of Al-Khums. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive-analytical method was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. The questionnaire was distributed to 140 employees working in the health services departments of Al-Khums, with a response rate of 93%. Data were analyzed using computer software and the SPSS statistical package, relying on percentages, arithmetic means, and standard deviations, in addition to multiple regression analysis and one-way ANOVA. The study reached several findings, most notably the existence of a statistically significant effect of the dimension of idealized influence on the level of job performance in the health services departments of Al-Khums. However, no statistically significant effect was found for the dimensions of inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration on job and organizational performance in these departments, from the employees’ perspective. In light of these results, the study presented a set of practical recommendations.
Transformational Leadership, Job Performance, Contemporary Health Institutions, Health Services Management in the City of Al Khums
British Colonial Policy and its Impact on the Libyan Question 1943-1951
This paper examines British colonial policy in Libya (1943–1952) and its role in the internationalization of the Libyan question after World War II, as well as Britain's efforts to exert its influence, particularly through the adoption of a federal system. It also addresses British administrative and political methods and international maneuvering, highlighting the impact of these policies on the establishment of the Libyan state and the continued influence of major powers on Libyan affairs.
Colonial policy, federal system, Libyan affairs
School Bullying and its Relationship to Social Skills among Secondary School Students An Analytical Study
School bullying is a negative behavioral phenomenon that has become increasingly prevalent in educational institutions, particularly at the secondary level, due to a range of social, psychological, and educational factors. Bullying is characterized by repeated aggressive behavior by a student or group of students towards others, taking various forms such as verbal, physical, psychological, or social abuse. This negatively impacts the school climate and the students' mental and social well-being. The phenomenon of school bullying is closely linked to students' level of social skills. These skills are essential for individuals to interact positively with others, manage their emotions, and resolve conflicts constructively. Weak social skills increase the likelihood of engaging in or being subjected to bullying behaviors, resulting from an inability to communicate effectively or defend oneself positively.
School bullying, social skills, secondary school students, school environment.
Diversity of terrorism patterns and its repercussions on the criminal policy of the Libyan legislator
Terrorism is a renewed and changing phenomenon, its patterns change in different security and ages, which has imposed on contemporary criminal policy to go beyond traditional frameworks based on punishment alone, towards opening up to more flexible and effective preventive legislative mechanisms, but the real challenge remains in finding a balance between protecting national security and guaranteeing the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. The development of criminal policy in the face of terrorism requires a distance from traditional treatments and the adoption of a comprehensive approach based on the integration of legislation, prevention and international cooperation, to ensure greater effectiveness in the face of this diverse and renewed phenomeno
The Impact of Disrupted Resources on the Local Economy: A Case Study of Mahroqa Cement Factory
This study aims to examine the impact of disrupted resources on the local economy through a case study of Mahroqa Cement Factory. An applied analytical field approach was employed, collecting data through questionnaires and interviews with factory management and employees, alongside analyzing production and price data. The findings indicate that disruptions in key resources, such as electricity, fuel, and raw materials, significantly reduce productivity, lead to job losses, increase local unemployment, and raise cement and related material prices. Furthermore, weak management and government policies exacerbate these effects, whereas economic interventions and administrative reforms help mitigate them. Statistical analyses confirmed significant relationships among the five study variables, with large effects on production, employment, and prices. The study recommends ensuring stable resource supply, improving administrative policies, enhancing worker skills, and establishing strategic reserves of energy and raw materials to support industrial sustainability and minimize the adverse impacts of resource disruptions.
Disrupted Resources, Industrial Productivity, Local Unemployment, Cement Prices, Management and Government Policies, Economic Reforms, Industrial Sustainability
Ecotourism Potentials and Their Role in Diversifying Tourism Activities A Case Study of Al-Butnan Region
Ecotourism is one of the patterns and methods through which the state seeks to achieve economic benefits and exploit them by future generations. Exploring natural and human resources, And paying attention to sustainable tourism development programs within a general framework for development in the country, so that part of it contributes to solving the general problem of developing coastal and desert areas in the region, taking into account the capabilities available to society and its specificity, within the framework of bridging the large gap between traditional development and ecotourism that is available on sound scientific bases and well planned planning. It takes into account the privacy of all parts of the region, while standing on the most important challenges and obstacles and proposing some recommendations that would activate the role played by comprehensive tourism development in order to achieve the desired tourism goals.
Eco-tourism Components, Tourism Activities, Al-Batnan Region.
The Psychological and Social Roots of Superstitious Thinking Among Students in Light of Scientific Literature
This literature review aims to uncover the psychological and social roots of superstitious thinking among students by analyzing relevant scientific research and studies in different academic environments، A systematic literature review methodology was employed, encompassing experimental, quantitative, and qualitative studies, as well as cross-cultural comparative research published in peer-reviewed journals in both Arabic and English، The review revealed that superstitious thinking is widely prevalent among university and secondary school students, shaped by a combination of psychological factors such as anxiety, lack of personal control, irrational thinking, and psychological trauma, alongside social factors including family upbringing, media influence, and social learning، The prevalence of superstitious thinking varies according to demographic variables such as gender, age, educational level, and religiosity، This paper contributes a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and paves the way for further applied and field studies in Arab educational contexts.
Superstitious thinking, students, psychological roots, social factors, scientific literature, university youth